Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban unconstitutional in case of Jamaican national Chelsea Cox
The Miami‑based judge says only states can set voter qualifications and the Justice Department will appeal the decision
AI-assisted coverage comparison, editor-supervised · How this was made

Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban unconstitutional in case of Jamaican national Chelsea Cox
Photograph: CBS News (embedded from source)
What this story says
- Judge David S. Leibowitz ruled the federal statute that criminalises non‑citizen voting unconstitutional.
- The decision applies only to the case of Jamaican national Chelsea Cox, charged with voting in the 2020 election.
- The Justice Department said it will appeal the ruling.
- The judge said the Constitution reserves voter‑qualification power to the states, not Congress.
Who covered it
Percentages are shares of the 27 outlets carrying a published leaning rating. 2 of the 29 outlets we know ran this story carry no rating and are not counted in them. Coverage measured .
Trust
86/100
Craft
95/100
Hype
30/100
29 sources · methodology
Thin on the left so far
Only 4 of the 27 outlets with a published leaning rating that ran this story are rated left.
This story is still being watched, so it is a count and not yet a finding. Coverage keeps arriving for hours after an event, and a side that has published nothing this morning may publish by tonight. If it is still true when we stop checking, we will say so plainly.
U.S. District Judge David S. Leibowitz, a Biden‑appointed judge in Miami, issued a 31‑page order dismissing the federal criminal case against Chelsea Cox, a Jamaican national who was charged in October 2025 with illegally voting in the 2020 presidential election. The judge held that the decades‑old federal statute 18 U.S.C. § 611, which makes it a misdemeanor for a non‑citizen to vote in a federal election, exceeds Congress’s constitutional authority because the Constitution limits voter‑qualification power to the states.
Leibowitz wrote that only states may set the qualifications for voters in federal elections and that every state already requires U.S. citizenship to vote. He therefore concluded that the federal law is unconstitutional. The ruling is limited to Cox’s case and does not create binding precedent for other pending challenges.
Shortly after the order, a Justice Department spokesperson confirmed that the department will appeal the decision. No other federal defendants were affected by the ruling.
“The Constitution does not authorize Congress to legislate voter qualifications for federal elections.”
What the coverage left out
None of the right‑rated digests mention the Justice Department’s announced appeal of Judge Leibowitz’s decision.
Still developing. We have re-checked which outlets are covering this 4 times, most recently on 3 Oct 2026, 04:00, and will add the sides that appear.
How other outlets pictured it
Which photograph to run is each newsroom’s own choice. The leaning beside a name is that outlet’s published rating, not a claim that the pictures divide along it. Every picture is shown from the outlet’s own server and links to the article it ran in.
![Senior US law enforcement officials announce they have arrested 10 people for allegedly voting illegally in elections in Minnesota, on September 30, 2026 [Anna Moneymaker via Getty/AFP]](https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/afp_6abf36461f80-1790916166.jpg?resize=1920%2C1440)
Senior US law enforcement officials announce they have arrested 10 people for allegedly voting illegally in elections in Minnesota, on September 30, 2026 [Anna Moneymaker via Getty/AFP]
Al Jazeera — embedded from source
How each side covered it
Our own reading of the reporting listed below, written from the outlets’ articles rather than quoted from them. The reasoning is set out on our methodology page.
Left
4 rated outlets
- All four left‑rated outlets highlighted the political context of the case. Al Jazeera’s full report noted that the ruling dealt a setback to President Donald Trump’s administration, which has been pursuing alleged election‑fraud cases. The outlet also mentioned Trump’s false claims that non‑citizen voting cost him the 2020 election and cited Reuters data that most of the 129 people charged since 2021 were lawful permanent residents who voted by mistake. Election Law Blog’s digest echoed the Reuters summary, stressing the blow to the Trump administration’s campaign against alleged fraud. NBC News’s digest quoted the judge’s language that the Constitution does not give Congress authority over voter qualifications. GV Wire’s brief digest described the ruling as historic and framed it as a victory for voting‑rights advocates.
Centre
9 rated outlets
- The nine centre‑rated outlets focused on the legal reasoning and procedural outcome. CBS News’s full report provided the most detail, quoting Leibowitz’s statement that the statute “oversteps constitutional bounds” and noting his request for a conservative amicus brief. Jerusalem Post’s digest reiterated that only states can set voter qualifications. Investing.com, Lufkin News, Mighty 790 KFGO, WHBL, WTVB, Market Screener and Reuters all reproduced the Reuters‑style summary that a U.S. judge dismissed the case, found the law unconstitutional, and that the decision delivers a blow to the Trump administration’s election‑fraud push. None of the centre digests added commentary beyond the basic facts of the ruling and the pending appeal.
Right
14 rated outlets
- The thirteen right‑rated digests framed the decision as a limitation on federal power. Breitbart, Hot Air, Liberty Daily, WND, New York Post, Daily Signal, PJ Media, Gateway Pundit, yourNEWS, Epoch Times, regionalmedianews and Washington Times all reported that the judge said Congress cannot ban non‑citizens from voting and that the ruling struck down the federal ban. Several outlets used language such as “commies in the court” or “Biden‑appointed judge” to underscore partisan overtones. None of the right‑rated digests mentioned the Justice Department’s intention to appeal the ruling.
Questions about this coverage
- How did the left and right cover Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban…?
- Of the 27 outlets on this story carrying a published leaning rating, 15% are rated left, 33% are rated centre, 52% are rated right. Those percentages are shares of the rated outlets, not of every outlet that ran it, which was 29. The sections above set out what each side emphasised, in its own terms.
- Is Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban… left or right?
- Neither side dominates it. Of the 27 rated outlets on this story, 15% are rated left, 33% are rated centre, 52% are rated right, and no side holds the 70% this site would want before calling a field one-sided. A story is not left or right in any case; the outlets that carried it are what carry ratings.
- Is the coverage of Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban… biased?
- Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban unconstitutional in case of Jamaican national Chelsea Cox is one event reported by 29 outlets, and this page does not rate the story as biased or unbiased. What it publishes is the spread: which outlets ran it, where named rating organisations place each of them on the spectrum, and what each side chose to lead with. A leaning rating describes an outlet's record over time, not this article, and the two should not be run together.
- Which side is not reporting Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban…?
- When we first saw this story, outlets rated left had barely covered it. Coverage accretes for hours after an event, so that is where to look rather than a verdict — the split above is the current count, and it is the one to read.
- Which outlets covered Judge David S. Leibowitz rules federal non‑citizen voting ban…?
- 29 that we know of, every one of them listed further up this page with a link to its own report and to what we hold on the publisher. Nothing here is a summary of somebody else's summary: the outlets are named so the original reporting can be read.
- What did Judge Leibowitz rule about the non‑citizen voting law?
- Judge David S. Leibowitz dismissed the federal case against Chelsea Cox and declared the statute criminalising non‑citizen voting unconstitutional, stating that only states have the authority to set voter qualifications under the Constitution.
- Does the ruling affect other non‑citizen voting cases?
- The decision applies only to Cox’s case and does not bind other courts, although it may influence the roughly 45 similar cases pending nationwide.
- What is the Justice Department’s response?
- A Justice Department spokesperson confirmed that the department will appeal Judge Leibowitz’s ruling, seeking to overturn the finding that the federal law is unconstitutional.
- How did different media outlets frame the story?
- Left‑rated outlets linked the ruling to President Trump’s election‑fraud narrative, centre‑rated outlets emphasized the legal reasoning and appeal, and right‑rated outlets highlighted the limitation on federal power, often using partisan language.
Read it at the source
29 outlets, grouped by the leaning a published rating gives them. Every headline links to the original; an underlined outlet name opens our profile of that publisher.
Left
4- “US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional” #ELB (opens electionlawblog.org in a new tab)
electionlawblog.org — is electionlawblog.org biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Miami judge rules federal noncitizen voting law violates US Constitution (opens Al Jazeera in a new tab)
Al Jazeera — is Al Jazeera biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Judge guts noncitizen voting law used in Trump administration’s election push (opens NBC News in a new tab)
- Judge Finds Law Criminalizing Noncitizen Voting Unconstitutional (opens GV Wire in a new tab)
Centre
9- Judge says federal law banning noncitizen voting is unconstitutional (opens CBS News in a new tab)
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens Jerusalem Post in a new tab)
Jerusalem Post — is Jerusalem Post biased? Our profile of this outlet
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens 1330 & 101.5 WHBL in a new tab)
1330 & 101.5 WHBL — is 1330 & 101.5 WHBL biased? Our profile of this outlet
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens The Mighty 790 KFGO in a new tab)
The Mighty 790 KFGO — is The Mighty 790 KFGO biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Security Check (opens The Lufkin News in a new tab)
The Lufkin News — is The Lufkin News biased? Our profile of this outlet
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens Investing.com in a new tab)
Investing.com — is Investing.com biased? Our profile of this outlet
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens WTVB in a new tab)
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens Market Screener in a new tab)
Market Screener — is Market Screener biased? Our profile of this outlet
Right
14- BREAKING: David Seymour Leibowitz, a Biden-appointed judge in Florida, just ruled that laws criminalizing non-citizen voting in U.S. elections are unconstitutional (opens news-pravda.com in a new tab)
news-pravda.com — is news-pravda.com biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Biden Judge Claims Congress Can’t Stop Noncitizens from Voting (opens Breitbart in a new tab)
- Judge Says the Law 'Criminalizing Non-Citizen Voting' Is Unconstitutional (opens Hot Air in a new tab)
- Biden Judge Calls It "Constitutional Bedrock" to Oppose Federal Ban on Noncitizen Voting (opens 🔔 The Liberty Daily in a new tab)
🔔 The Liberty Daily — is 🔔 The Liberty Daily biased? Our profile of this outlet
- ‘No power’: Judge claims it’s unconstitutional for Congress to ban noncitizens from voting * WorldNetDaily * by Fred Lucas, The Daily Signal (opens WND in a new tab)
- US judge rules law criminalizing noncitizen voting is unconstitutional in blow to Trump (opens New York Post in a new tab)
New York Post — is New York Post biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Biden Judge Calls It ‘Constitutional Bedrock’ to Oppose Federal Ban on Noncitizen Voting (opens The Daily Signal in a new tab)
The Daily Signal — is The Daily Signal biased? Our profile of this outlet
- One Judge Just Put the Federal Noncitizen Voting Crackdown in Jeopardy (opens PJ Media in a new tab)
Show 6 more
- COMMIES IN THE COURT: Biden Judge Rules Law That Makes It Illegal for NONCITIZENS to Vote Is UNCONSTITUTIONAL! * The Gateway Pundit * by Jim Hoft (opens The Gateway Pundit in a new tab)
The Gateway Pundit — is The Gateway Pundit biased? Our profile of this outletOpinion
- Federal Judge Dismisses Noncitizen Voting Charge, Rules Federal Ban Unconstitutional as Applied (opens [your]NEWS in a new tab)
[your]NEWS — is [your]NEWS biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Judge Tosses Charge Against Noncitizen Accused of Voting in Federal Election (opens The Epoch Times in a new tab)
The Epoch Times — is The Epoch Times biased? Our profile of this outlet
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional - Regional Media News (opens regionalmedianews.com in a new tab)
regionalmedianews.com — is regionalmedianews.com biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Federal judge rules Congress can't ban noncitizens from voting (opens Washington Times in a new tab)
Washington Times — is Washington Times biased? Our profile of this outlet
- US judge finds law criminalizing noncitizen voting unconstitutional (opens WKZO in a new tab)
Not rated
2- COMMIES IN THE COURT: Biden Judge Rules Law That Makes It Illegal for NONCITIZENS to Vote Is UNCONSTITUTIONAL! - Politics, Policy, Political Views (opens Politics, Policy, Political News in a new tab)
- Judge Tosses Charge Against Noncitizen Accused of Voting in Federal Election (opens The Constitution Study in a new tab)
The Constitution Study — is The Constitution Study biased? Our profile of this outlet
How did this read?
About the coverage, not about the story. We do not ask whether you agree with what happened — we have no honest use for that answer.


