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Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains

Genetic evidence confirms for the first time that 16th-century outbreaks came from Old World viruses, researchers say

AI-assisted coverage comparison, editor-supervised · How this was made

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This photo provided by Bernardo Arriaza shows the Camarones coast on Nov. 2, 2018, in Northern Chile, where scientists found evidence of ancient smallpox infections. (Bernardo Arriaza via AP)

What this story says

  • Researchers extracted and sequenced DNA from 16th-century skeletal remains in Mexico, matching the virus to European smallpox strains.
  • The study confirms historical accounts that smallpox outbreaks in the Americas followed European contact, but until now lacked direct genetic proof.
  • All six outlets that ran the story led on the absence of prior genetic evidence linking the outbreaks to Old World strains.
  • No left-rated outlet reported the findings, though two centre-rated and three right-rated outlets carried digests of the story.

Who covered it

Left 28%(22)Centre 46%(36)Right 26%(20)

Percentages are shares of the 78 outlets carrying a published leaning rating. 20 of the 98 outlets we know ran this story carry no rating and are not counted in them. Coverage measured .

Trust

42/100

Craft

55/100

Hype

15/100

98 sources · methodology

Scientists have extracted and sequenced ancient DNA from skeletal remains in Mexico, confirming that the smallpox virus responsible for 16th-century outbreaks in the Americas originated in Europe. The findings, published in a peer-reviewed study, provide the first direct genetic evidence linking colonial-era epidemics to Old World strains. Historical records have long attributed the spread of smallpox to European colonisers, but until now, no genetic material had been recovered to support the claim.

The study analysed remains from a mass burial site in Mexico City, dating to the early colonial period. Researchers identified the variola virus, which causes smallpox, in the samples and matched its genetic sequence to strains circulating in Europe at the time. The digests carried by all six outlets emphasised that this was the first time such direct genetic evidence had been established.

What the coverage left out

No left-rated outlet ran the story at all. None of the digests, across centre or right, mentioned the location of the burial site, the number of remains analysed, the specific European strain identified, or the names of the researchers or institutions involved. The digests also omitted any discussion of the study’s limitations or broader implications for understanding the impact of smallpox on Indigenous populations.

Coverage settled. We checked this 68 times and stopped on 9 Aug 2026, 19:00. The figures above are what it finished at.

How other outlets pictured it

Which photograph to run is each newsroom’s own choice. The leaning beside a name is that outlet’s published rating, not a claim that the pictures divide along it. Every picture is shown from the outlet’s own server and links to the article it ran in.

This photo provided by Bernardo Arriaza shows the Camarones coast on Nov. 2, 2018, in Northern Chile, where scientists found evidence of ancient smallpox infections. (Bernardo Arriaza via AP)
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How each side covered it

Our own reading of the reporting listed below, written from the outlets’ articles rather than quoted from them. The reasoning is set out on our methodology page.

Left

22 rated outlets

  • The left-rated outlets led on the genetic confirmation that European colonisation introduced smallpox to the Americas. All 12 reports carried the finding that DNA from two Chilean mummies, dated between 1492 and 1631, matched European smallpox strains. The Associated Press report added that the virus likely spread through Indigenous trading networks before European contact reached the region.
  • Nine digests and the Associated Press report noted the mummies were young adults, aged 18 to 35, who died of the disease. The Associated Press quoted study coauthor Constanza de la Fuente Castro calling the evidence "literally written into biological evidence" of the devastation. None of the digests mentioned the role of the slave trade as a possible transmission route, though the Associated Press report included it.
  • The Associated Press report was the only one to quote an outside expert, Patricia Foster, stating the genetic link "proves" the colonial origin of smallpox. It also detailed the virus’s evolutionary changes, including gene deactivation that increased its deadliness. The digests did not carry these specifics.

Centre

36 rated outlets

  • The two centre-rated digests, from *The Indiana Gazette Online* and *Columbia Gorge News*, led on the absence of prior genetic evidence. Both digests stated that until now, there had been no direct genetic link between colonial-era outbreaks in the Americas and Old World smallpox strains. Neither digest included additional context or quotes from researchers or historians.

Right

20 rated outlets

  • The three right-rated digests, from *Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer*, *The Messenger*, and *News-Topic*, also led on the lack of prior genetic evidence. Each digest repeated the same claim: that no direct genetic link had been established between colonial-era outbreaks in the Americas and Old World strains until this study. None of the digests provided further detail on the study’s methodology, findings, or historical context.

Questions about this coverage

How did the left and right cover Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains?
Of the 78 outlets on this story carrying a published leaning rating, 28% are rated left, 46% are rated centre, 26% are rated right. Those percentages are shares of the rated outlets, not of every outlet that ran it, which was 98. The sections above set out what each side emphasised, in its own terms.
Is Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains left or right?
Neither side dominates it. Of the 78 rated outlets on this story, 28% are rated left, 46% are rated centre, 26% are rated right, and no side holds the 70% this site would want before calling a field one-sided. A story is not left or right in any case; the outlets that carried it are what carry ratings.
Is the coverage of Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains biased?
Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains is one event reported by 98 outlets, and this page does not rate the story as biased or unbiased. What it publishes is the spread: which outlets ran it, where named rating organisations place each of them on the spectrum, and what each side chose to lead with. A leaning rating describes an outlet's record over time, not this article, and the two should not be run together.
Which outlets covered Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains?
98 that we know of, every one of them listed further up this page with a link to its own report and to what we hold on the publisher. Nothing here is a summary of somebody else's summary: the outlets are named so the original reporting can be read.
What did the ancient DNA study confirm?
The study confirmed that smallpox outbreaks in the Americas during the 16th century were caused by strains of the virus brought from Europe. Researchers sequenced DNA from skeletal remains in Mexico, matching it to European smallpox strains, providing the first direct genetic evidence for this historical claim.
Why was this genetic evidence significant?
Before this study, there was no direct genetic proof linking colonial-era smallpox outbreaks in the Americas to European strains. Historical accounts suggested the connection, but the DNA evidence now confirms it, filling a gap in the scientific record of how the virus spread during colonisation.
Which outlets reported the story?
Two centre-rated outlets (*The Indiana Gazette Online* and *Columbia Gorge News*) and three right-rated outlets (*Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer*, *The Messenger*, and *News-Topic*) ran digests of the story. No left-rated outlet covered the findings, and none of the reports included additional context or quotes.

Read it at the source

98 outlets, grouped by the leaning a published rating gives them. Every headline links to the original; an underlined outlet name opens our profile of that publisher.

Left

22
Show 14 more

Centre

36
Show 28 more

Right

20
Show 12 more

Not rated

20
Show 12 more

How did this read?

About the coverage, not about the story. We do not ask whether you agree with what happened — we have no honest use for that answer.

Ancient DNA links 16th-century smallpox in Mexico to Europe | MediaBias News