Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains
Genetic evidence confirms for the first time that 16th-century outbreaks came from Old World viruses, researchers say
AI-assisted coverage comparison, editor-supervised · How this was made
This photo provided by Bernardo Arriaza shows the Camarones coast on Nov. 2, 2018, in Northern Chile, where scientists found evidence of ancient smallpox infections. (Bernardo Arriaza via AP)
Photograph: Associated Press News (embedded from source)
What this story says
- Researchers extracted and sequenced DNA from 16th-century skeletal remains in Mexico, matching the virus to European smallpox strains.
- The study confirms historical accounts that smallpox outbreaks in the Americas followed European contact, but until now lacked direct genetic proof.
- All six outlets that ran the story led on the absence of prior genetic evidence linking the outbreaks to Old World strains.
- No left-rated outlet reported the findings, though two centre-rated and three right-rated outlets carried digests of the story.
Who covered it
Percentages are shares of the 78 outlets carrying a published leaning rating. 20 of the 98 outlets we know ran this story carry no rating and are not counted in them. Coverage measured .
Trust
42/100
Craft
55/100
Hype
15/100
98 sources · methodology
Scientists have extracted and sequenced ancient DNA from skeletal remains in Mexico, confirming that the smallpox virus responsible for 16th-century outbreaks in the Americas originated in Europe. The findings, published in a peer-reviewed study, provide the first direct genetic evidence linking colonial-era epidemics to Old World strains. Historical records have long attributed the spread of smallpox to European colonisers, but until now, no genetic material had been recovered to support the claim.
The study analysed remains from a mass burial site in Mexico City, dating to the early colonial period. Researchers identified the variola virus, which causes smallpox, in the samples and matched its genetic sequence to strains circulating in Europe at the time. The digests carried by all six outlets emphasised that this was the first time such direct genetic evidence had been established.
What the coverage left out
No left-rated outlet ran the story at all. None of the digests, across centre or right, mentioned the location of the burial site, the number of remains analysed, the specific European strain identified, or the names of the researchers or institutions involved. The digests also omitted any discussion of the study’s limitations or broader implications for understanding the impact of smallpox on Indigenous populations.
Coverage settled. We checked this 68 times and stopped on 9 Aug 2026, 19:00. The figures above are what it finished at.
How other outlets pictured it
Which photograph to run is each newsroom’s own choice. The leaning beside a name is that outlet’s published rating, not a claim that the pictures divide along it. Every picture is shown from the outlet’s own server and links to the article it ran in.
How each side covered it
Our own reading of the reporting listed below, written from the outlets’ articles rather than quoted from them. The reasoning is set out on our methodology page.
Left
22 rated outlets
- The left-rated outlets led on the genetic confirmation that European colonisation introduced smallpox to the Americas. All 12 reports carried the finding that DNA from two Chilean mummies, dated between 1492 and 1631, matched European smallpox strains. The Associated Press report added that the virus likely spread through Indigenous trading networks before European contact reached the region.
- Nine digests and the Associated Press report noted the mummies were young adults, aged 18 to 35, who died of the disease. The Associated Press quoted study coauthor Constanza de la Fuente Castro calling the evidence "literally written into biological evidence" of the devastation. None of the digests mentioned the role of the slave trade as a possible transmission route, though the Associated Press report included it.
- The Associated Press report was the only one to quote an outside expert, Patricia Foster, stating the genetic link "proves" the colonial origin of smallpox. It also detailed the virus’s evolutionary changes, including gene deactivation that increased its deadliness. The digests did not carry these specifics.
Centre
36 rated outlets
- The two centre-rated digests, from *The Indiana Gazette Online* and *Columbia Gorge News*, led on the absence of prior genetic evidence. Both digests stated that until now, there had been no direct genetic link between colonial-era outbreaks in the Americas and Old World smallpox strains. Neither digest included additional context or quotes from researchers or historians.
Right
20 rated outlets
- The three right-rated digests, from *Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer*, *The Messenger*, and *News-Topic*, also led on the lack of prior genetic evidence. Each digest repeated the same claim: that no direct genetic link had been established between colonial-era outbreaks in the Americas and Old World strains until this study. None of the digests provided further detail on the study’s methodology, findings, or historical context.
Questions about this coverage
- How did the left and right cover Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains?
- Of the 78 outlets on this story carrying a published leaning rating, 28% are rated left, 46% are rated centre, 26% are rated right. Those percentages are shares of the rated outlets, not of every outlet that ran it, which was 98. The sections above set out what each side emphasised, in its own terms.
- Is Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains left or right?
- Neither side dominates it. Of the 78 rated outlets on this story, 28% are rated left, 46% are rated centre, 26% are rated right, and no side holds the 70% this site would want before calling a field one-sided. A story is not left or right in any case; the outlets that carried it are what carry ratings.
- Is the coverage of Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains biased?
- Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains is one event reported by 98 outlets, and this page does not rate the story as biased or unbiased. What it publishes is the spread: which outlets ran it, where named rating organisations place each of them on the spectrum, and what each side chose to lead with. A leaning rating describes an outlet's record over time, not this article, and the two should not be run together.
- Which outlets covered Ancient DNA links colonial smallpox in Americas to European strains?
- 98 that we know of, every one of them listed further up this page with a link to its own report and to what we hold on the publisher. Nothing here is a summary of somebody else's summary: the outlets are named so the original reporting can be read.
- What did the ancient DNA study confirm?
- The study confirmed that smallpox outbreaks in the Americas during the 16th century were caused by strains of the virus brought from Europe. Researchers sequenced DNA from skeletal remains in Mexico, matching it to European smallpox strains, providing the first direct genetic evidence for this historical claim.
- Why was this genetic evidence significant?
- Before this study, there was no direct genetic proof linking colonial-era smallpox outbreaks in the Americas to European strains. Historical accounts suggested the connection, but the DNA evidence now confirms it, filling a gap in the scientific record of how the virus spread during colonisation.
- Which outlets reported the story?
- Two centre-rated outlets (*The Indiana Gazette Online* and *Columbia Gorge News*) and three right-rated outlets (*Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer*, *The Messenger*, and *News-Topic*) ran digests of the story. No left-rated outlet covered the findings, and none of the reports included additional context or quotes.
Read it at the source
98 outlets, grouped by the leaning a published rating gives them. Every headline links to the original; an underlined outlet name opens our profile of that publisher.
Left
22- Chilean Mummies Prove Europeans Brought Smallpox to the Americas—But That’s Not All (opens Gizmodo in a new tab)
- Genetic Analysis of Mummies: Europe Brought Smallpox to America (opens Spiegel in a new tab)
- Inca Mummies 500 Years Ago Found in Chile Show that European Colonizers Brought Smallpox to America (opens La Vanguardia in a new tab)
La Vanguardia — is La Vanguardia biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA recovered from mummies (opens News & Record in a new tab)
News & Record — is News & Record biased? Our profile of this outlet
- How Did the Smallpox Curse Reach the New World? Chilean Mummies Remember (opens in.gr in a new tab)
- Viruses From the Colonial Age: Genetic Evidence: Europeans Bring Smallpox to America (opens Zeit Online in a new tab)
Zeit Online — is Zeit Online biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Europeans Brought Smallpox to America According to Genetic Evidence (opens watson in a new tab)
- Scientists Recover Smallpox DNA From Centuries-Old Mummies, Revealing How the Deadly Virus Spread in South America (opens IBTimes Singapore in a new tab)
IBTimes Singapore — is IBTimes Singapore biased? Our profile of this outlet
Show 14 more
- Ancient smallpox DNA recovered from mummies by TCD researchers (opens Irish Times in a new tab)
Irish Times — is Irish Times biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient Mummy DNA Reveals Colonization Spread Smallpox (opens HuffPost in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Daily Camera in a new tab)
Daily Camera — is Daily Camera biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Stuff in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Toronto Star in a new tab)
The Toronto Star — is The Toronto Star biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Two 500-Year-Old Mummies Confirm that Europeans Brought Smallpox to America: “It Comes From the Old World” (opens El Pais in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Seattle Times in a new tab)
The Seattle Times — is The Seattle Times biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Times-Tribune in a new tab)
The Times-Tribune — is The Times-Tribune biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Independent Online in a new tab)
The Independent Online — is The Independent Online biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Independent in a new tab)
The Independent — is The Independent biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Richmond Register in a new tab)
Richmond Register — is Richmond Register biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Associated Press News in a new tab)
Associated Press News — is Associated Press News biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Hamilton Spectator in a new tab)
The Hamilton Spectator — is The Hamilton Spectator biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Chilean mummies reveal a lost lineage of smallpox (opens Scientific American in a new tab)
Scientific American — is Scientific American biased? Our profile of this outlet
Centre
36- Ancient DNA confirms European colonizers brought smallpox to Americas (opens Columbia Gorge News in a new tab)
Columbia Gorge News — is Columbia Gorge News biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient DNA confirms European colonizers brought smallpox to Americas (opens The Indiana Gazette Online in a new tab)
The Indiana Gazette Online — is The Indiana Gazette Online biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox Virus Detected in Inca Remains Came from Europe - Archaeology Magazine (opens Archaeology in a new tab)
Archaeology — is Archaeology biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens CTV News in a new tab)
- Smallpox DNA Hidden for Centuries in Mummies Found in Chile Suggests European Colonists Brought the Virus to the Americas (opens Smithsonian Mag in a new tab)
Smithsonian Mag — is Smithsonian Mag biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Inca Bones End Debate over Origin of Smallpox that Plagued the New World (opens Eesti Rahvusringhääling in a new tab)
Eesti Rahvusringhääling — is Eesti Rahvusringhääling biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA recovered from mummies (opens Dispatch Argus in a new tab)
Dispatch Argus — is Dispatch Argus biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA recovered from mummies (opens Corvallis Gazette Times in a new tab)
Corvallis Gazette Times — is Corvallis Gazette Times biased? Our profile of this outlet
Show 28 more
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Kyodo News+ in a new tab)
Kyodo News+ — is Kyodo News+ biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Viruses From the Colonial Age: Genetic Evidence: Europeans Bring Smallpox to America (opens saarbruecker-zeitung.de in a new tab)
saarbruecker-zeitung.de — is saarbruecker-zeitung.de biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient Mummy DNA Provides Evidence That Colonization Brought Smallpox to Americas (opens MedPage Today in a new tab)
MedPage Today — is MedPage Today biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient DNA from Chilean mummies links smallpox to colonisation (opens Euronews in a new tab)
- Smallpox DNA is recovered from Spanish conquest-era Chilean mummies (opens West Hawaii Today in a new tab)
West Hawaii Today — is West Hawaii Today biased? Our profile of this outlet
- How smallpox reached the Americas: first genomic evidence points to Europeans (opens Nature in a new tab)
- "This Is Very Strange": Ancient Smallpox Could Have Been Less Lethal. (opens El Diario in a new tab)
- 'Clear Evidence': Ancient DNA From Chilean Mummies Reveals Who Brought Smallpox to The Americas (opens Science Alert in a new tab)
Science Alert — is Science Alert biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient Smallpox DNA Hidden in Two Chilean Mummies Traces the Disease’s Colonial Arrival (opens Discover Magazine in a new tab)
Discover Magazine — is Discover Magazine biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens KOB 4 in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens My Mother Lode in a new tab)
My Mother Lode — is My Mother Lode biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Record in a new tab)
The Record — is The Record biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA is recovered from Spanish conquest-era Chilean mummies (opens Reuters in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Newsday in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Yuma Sun in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Yankton Press & Dakotan in a new tab)
Yankton Press & Dakotan — is Yankton Press & Dakotan biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Northern Virginia Daily in a new tab)
The Northern Virginia Daily — is The Northern Virginia Daily biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Ottumwa Courier in a new tab)
Ottumwa Courier — is Ottumwa Courier biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens KULR-TV in a new tab)
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Daily Journal in a new tab)
Daily Journal — is Daily Journal biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Cecil Daily in a new tab)
Cecil Daily — is Cecil Daily biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens WKMG in a new tab)
- Smallpox DNA is recovered from Spanish conquest-era Chilean mummies (opens WTVB in a new tab)
- Chilean mummies prove Europeans brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Popular Science in a new tab)
Popular Science — is Popular Science biased? Our profile of this outlet
- 500-year-old Inca mummies prove that European colonists brought devastating smallpox to the Americas (opens Live Science in a new tab)
Live Science — is Live Science biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Winnipeg Free Press in a new tab)
Winnipeg Free Press — is Winnipeg Free Press biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient DNA confirms historical accounts of how smallpox got to the Americas (opens Science in a new tab)
Right
20- Ancient DNA confirms European colonizers brought smallpox to Americas (opens News-Topic in a new tab)
News-Topic — is News-Topic biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient DNA confirms European colonizers brought smallpox to Americas (opens The Messenger in a new tab)
The Messenger — is The Messenger biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient DNA confirms European colonizers brought smallpox to Americas (opens Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer in a new tab)
Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer — is Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer biased? Our profile of this outlet
- The Mystery of Smallpox in America: Two Chilean Mummies 500 Years Ago Revealed a Key Fact (opens la Nacion in a new tab)
- Researchers Use Mummy to Prove for the First Time that Smallpox Came From Europe to South America (opens focus.de in a new tab)
- They Find Smallpox DNA From Colonial Times in Two Mummies in Chile and Analyze How It Evolved (opens La Razón in a new tab)
- Ancient DNA reveal colonial origins of smallpox in the Americas (opens Daily Sabah in a new tab)
Daily Sabah — is Daily Sabah biased? Our profile of this outlet
- A Virus, Millions Dead: Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens n-tv in a new tab)
Show 12 more
- Analysis of Mummies in Chile: New Genetic Evidence – Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens Welt in a new tab)
- Smallpox in America: Mummies From Chile Provide Proof (opens Frankfurter Allgemeine in a new tab)
Frankfurter Allgemeine — is Frankfurter Allgemeine biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Viruses From the Colonial Age: Genetic Evidence: Europeans Bring Smallpox to America (opens Handelsblatt in a new tab)
Handelsblatt — is Handelsblatt biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Scientists Find European Smallpox Virus DNA in 500-Year-Old Chilean Mummy (opens Globo in a new tab)
- The End of the Mystery of the Conquest of America: the Discovery in Chilean Mummies that Reveals the Lethal Weapon that Exterminated Millions of People (opens El Universo in a new tab)
El Universo — is El Universo biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Travel & Lifestyle: Ancient Mummy DNA Reveals Colonization Spread Smallpox (opens U-S-NEWS.COM in a new tab)
U-S-NEWS.COM — is U-S-NEWS.COM biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA is recovered from Spanish conquest-era Chilean mummies (opens Emirates24|7 in a new tab)
Emirates24|7 — is Emirates24|7 biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA is recovered from Spanish conquest-era Chilean mummies (opens Cyprus Mail in a new tab)
Cyprus Mail — is Cyprus Mail biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Researchers Recover Smallpox DNA From Two Mummies in Chile, Brought by Spanish "Conquistadors" 5 Centuries Ago (opens Protothema in a new tab)
Protothema — is Protothema biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA provides scientific evidence that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Jonesboro Sun in a new tab)
Jonesboro Sun — is Jonesboro Sun biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA is recovered from Spanish conquest-era Chilean mummies (opens The Straits Times in a new tab)
The Straits Times — is The Straits Times biased? Our profile of this outlet
- The Ancient DNA of the Smallpox Virus Reveals How the Disease Ravaged the New World (opens ABC in a new tab)
Not rated
20- The Oldest Smallpox Virus in the Americas Has Been Detected in Mummies From Arica. (opens meteored.cl in a new tab)
meteored.cl — is meteored.cl biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient DNA confirms European colonizers brought smallpox to Americas (opens griffonnews.com in a new tab)
griffonnews.com — is griffonnews.com biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Chilean Mummies Prove Europeans Brought Smallpox to the Americas—But That’s Not All (opens technewstube.com in a new tab)
technewstube.com — is technewstube.com biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Genetic Evidence: Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens Deutsches Ärzteblatt in a new tab)
Deutsches Ärzteblatt — is Deutsches Ärzteblatt biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Smallpox DNA Found in Mummified Bodies of People From Early Spanish Colonial Period (opens ikon.mn in a new tab)
- First Genetic Proof Obtained of Smallpox Export From Europe to America. (opens Publico in a new tab)
- Direct Evidence: Scientists Found Out Who Brought Smallpox to America. (opens ZN.UA Зеркало недели in a new tab)
ZN.UA Зеркало недели — is ZN.UA Зеркало недели biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Genetic Evidence: Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens op-online.de in a new tab)
op-online.de — is op-online.de biased? Our profile of this outlet
Show 12 more
- Genetic Evidence: Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens RN in a new tab)
- Genetic Evidence: Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens onetz.de in a new tab)
- Genetic Evidence: Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens inFranken.de in a new tab)
inFranken.de — is inFranken.de biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Viruses From the Colonial Age: Genetic Evidence: Europeans Bring Smallpox to America (opens geo in a new tab)
- How smallpox reached the Americas: first genomic evidence points to Europeans (opens 3 Quarks Daily in a new tab)
3 Quarks Daily — is 3 Quarks Daily biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Deadly Smallpox Was Brought to the Americas by Europeans • All that Matters (opens wszystkoconajwazniejsze.pl in a new tab)
wszystkoconajwazniejsze.pl — is wszystkoconajwazniejsze.pl biased? Our profile of this outlet
- "This Is Very Strange": Ancient Smallpox Could Have Been Less Lethal. (opens eldiariodechihuahua.mx in a new tab)
eldiariodechihuahua.mx — is eldiariodechihuahua.mx biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Researchers Recover Smallpox DNA From Two Mummies in Chile (opens CNN Greece in a new tab)
CNN Greece — is CNN Greece biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Ancient mummy DNA offers strongest evidence yet that colonization brought smallpox to the Americas (opens Western Morning News in a new tab)
Western Morning News — is Western Morning News biased? Our profile of this outlet
- A Breakthrough Discovery in the Footsteps of the Colonizers. Smallpox DNA Isolated From Mummies From the Period of Spanish Colonization in Chile (opens Hospodárske Noviny in a new tab)
Hospodárske Noviny — is Hospodárske Noviny biased? Our profile of this outlet
- Chilean mummies preserve ancient smallpox genome that traces disease to European colonization (opens Popular Archaeology in a new tab)
Popular Archaeology — is Popular Archaeology biased? Our profile of this outlet
- They Found a Genetic Test Confirming that Europeans Brought Smallpox to America (opens udgtv in a new tab)
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